The Effects Of Hip Hop Music On Society - 2876 Words

Bantou-Bruce E. Cadet Ms. Maria Hofman Enc 1102 22 July 2015 Negative Effects Of Hip Hop Music in Society Music is a powerful form of sound that affects our emotional state. However it is not the only kind of sound that affects the emotions; for example the sound of the waves and birds. Music has been around since the beginning of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we now just have many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. Its increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. The negative ideas of hip hop lyrics and videos have a bad influence on society. Emerging in the 1970s in South Bronx, New York, hip hop took America by storm, becoming one of the fastest growing genres. Hip hop is not only rapping, but an entire lifestyle that consistently incorporates diverse elements of ethnicity, technology, art, and urban life. However progressing into the 21st century, hip hop has taken a exceptional turnaround and instead of providing a forum where hip hop once allowed for individuals to express their creativity and struggles through everyday life, hip hop has become a negative target. Not only in videos, but hip hop lyrics as well; this has had a negative effect on society because individuals beginShow MoreRelatedRap Hop And Hip Hop Culture1550 Words   |  7 PagesMost hip hop songs and videos have lyrics and scenes that demean and humiliate women. Showing scenes of violence to women, demeaning them and depicting them as sex objects or subjects of submission to men is Misogyny. Present also is brutality against women descriptions. Th ere have been voluminous scholars talking about it yet the argument is unquenched. Misogyny in hip hop society has its core deep in the American ethos, and it has its outcome on the same nation. Misogyny in songs is taking ringRead MoreThe Hip Hop Generation And Its Impact On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesDominiquie Gray English- 102 Argumentative Essay 6 December 2015 The Hip Hop Generation and its Impact on Society. Throughout history, Hip Hop has manifest into more than a simple form of life, but as a powerful cultural movement. Hip Hop plays a major part in African American culture, dialogue, fashion, and self expression. Today, Hip Hop has a joined people of many nationalities, races, and ethnicities as a society. The Hip Hop Generation has begun to redefine African American cultural normsRead MoreBenefits Of Hip Hop784 Words   |  4 PagesMusic is human’s universal language no matter where people are from it has some type of effect on them. One genre of music that effects some people is Hip hop; it allows others to express themselves and to feel more confident. Hip hop has extensive positive benefits for society; it allows the artists to speak about problems in the world like injustices, crime, or poverty, and it also helps with exercise by allowing the participant to accomplish aerobic and anaerobic benefits; furthermore, hip hopRead MoreHip Hop : A Cultural Force1568 Words   |  7 PagesHip-hop is a popular art form in today’s society, and it consists of rhyming lyrics that are delivered rhythmically over a musical beat. Knowing how far rap has come, from all the way back then starting out on the streets of New York in the mid 1970’s. Hip-hop has since become a multifaceted cultural force. It’s more than just music some people say and others think it is negative promoting bad things for young listeners. Now hip-hop is something people can relate to. A man by the name of RussellRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal of Women in Hip Hop and Rap Music Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbeat-boxer in rap music today, has been quoted saying, â€Å"Hip-hop is supposed to uplift and create, to educate people on a larger level and to make a change.† Although this is the original intention of hip-hop music, public opinion currently holds the opposite view. Since the 1970’s musical artists have changed the face of hip-hop and rap and worldwide, people – mostly teens—have been striving to emulate certain artists and their lyrics, which has created negative stereotypes for hip-hop music and also forRead More hip hop Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever heard someone say, quot;I hate all music.quot;? Lately though music has been criticized for corrupting teens minds. Hip Hop is being blamed for all the crimes and murders in cities all over America and heavy metal is b eing blamed for giving teens only dark images and thoughts in their minds. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First we must ask what Hip Hop is to us or to others, who simply don’t know or may never feel our movement in society. This form of poetry and story telling has tookRead MoreThe Rise Of Hip Hop Culture1305 Words   |  6 PagesRise of Hip Hop Culture Hip hop, the creation of electronic sound and enticing language is a style born from the African American and Hispanic cultures. It formed in New York City from block parties and the participation of the youth culture. This style of music began as a minimal change in rhythm to a globally popular culture consisting of graffiti art, dancing, and music. Hip hop was not only a type of tasteful music, but it also became a benchmark in history. When this style of music was createdRead MoreWhat is Hip Hop?1057 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy regarding the derogative nature of Hip-hop, One cannot downplay the cultural influences that hip-hop has impressed on the world. Merriam-Webster defines hip-hop as the stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rap (citation). Although the conventional definition of hip-hop is generally correct, it does not adequately portray the gravity of the movement. Coined by the urban youth, Hip-hop has forced its way to the pinnacle of mainstream Ameri ca. Hip-hop’s massive influence on the EnglishRead MoreThe Music Of The Hip Hop1673 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I said the hip hop, Hippie to the hippie, the hip, hip hop, and you don’t stop, a rock it to the bang, bang boogie, say you jump the boogie, to the rhythm of the boogie, the beat.† â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† is a song recorded in 1979 by American hip hop trio The Sugarhill Gang. It was the original 12-inch single was 15 minutes of incontestable urban-playboy bragging. â€Å"Rapper’s Delight† was not the first single but, it is generally considered to be the song that made hip hop in the United States popularRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Hip Hop Music1182 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis of Hip-Hop Music Sharon Rhetorical Analysis of hip-hop music among Black Americans in ‘From the margins to the mainstream: the political power of hip-hop’ by Katina R. Stapleton Thesis: the paper’s focus on hip-hop as a music genre that has changed the lives of the black Americans Introduction In this article, the speaker must be an expert in politics, ethnicity and the music industry. There is a linkage between the above fields hence the speaker must have had

Biotechnology Genetic Optimization Of Plant Genome And...

Biotechnology: Genetic Optimization of Plant Genome and Development of Biofuel On the basis of reverse engineering and reconstruction, the application of CRISPR-Cas technology in the realm of biotechnology remains predominantly in following directions: optimizing agricultural crops, researching plant genome, and developing sustainable and accessible biofuel which relies on the exploration of new biological pathways in algae and corn (Hsu, Lander, Zhang, 2014; Jacobs, LaFayette, Schmitz, Parrott, 2015). We herein present several common features in developing transgenic plants from research reports of classic studies on crops. The advancement of technologies in the past decade has given rise to noticeable improvement in agricultural productivity, with the focus on decreasing plants’ susceptibility to pest, cultivating their resilience on infertile land, and increasing their nutritional value. In this process, transgenesis, introducing a foreign gene into plant genomes, has earned the most highlight (Voytas Gao, 2014). Nevertheless, its drawbacks--failing to take advantage of natural genomes and potentially undermined long-term effects in food--have severely limited its application. With new technologies like CRISPR, mutagenesis takes place to create new genetic variation in plants. We herein present results in developing transgenic plants from research reports of classic studies on crops (Voytas Gao, 2014). Generally, all studies certified that CRISPR-Cas9 system

Inspire Victorians Give A Child With Start - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Inspire Victorians Give A Child With Start. Answer: Introduction to Social enterprises- Objectives, Operations and Outcomes Social enterprise is an organization that makes use of strategic planning for ensuring the maximization of the human and the environmental wellbeing. Unlike the NGOs, the companies are aimed at bringing in changes in the social structure through the means of generating revenue and in certain stages acts like benefit corporations or a community interests company which aims at supporting the communities through the services provided by them. Alternatively, the activities that are being undertaken by the companies based on their requirements of improving the CSR ratings is again a contradictory measure for the social enterprises, as their mission and vision is centralized to their major objective. The major objectives of the social enterprises are to understand the various necessities of the community based on the employment and remuneration for providing them with the same. It has helped the companies in making improvements in the communities. The outcomes of the actions taken by the social enterprise are based on the improvements brought about by the undertakings of the companies in the society and the lifestyle of the people. The activities undertaken by the organizations in bringing about changes in the social and the individual lifestyle of the people have brought about changes relating to their existence in a modern capitalized situation. It aims at enumerating ways to support the people without compromising the growth of the social enterprises. Company details of Good Cycles Located in Melbourne, Australia, Good Cycles organization has achieved accolades and glory by transforming the lives of unemployed youths. It is focused on empowering the youths through the activities undertaken by them. Collaboration and support from the personnel of different departments enables the managers to plan quality-training services for the trainees. Along with this, the network chain of the organization is widespread, which broadens the perspectives of the managers in terms of enriching the preconceived knowledge and skills of the aspiring youths. The organization adheres to the standards and protocols of the employment legislation. Specifically, the organization abides by Data Protection Act (1998) for safeguarding the personal details of the employees from leaking or hacking activities. Observations and reflections The concerned company has taken steps in order to empower the youth through their planned programs and their approaches towards contributing towards the development of the communities in Australia. It aims at supporting the mental health diseases faced by the majority of the youths through their Pedal Empowerment Program (PEP). It has helped in bringing in changes in the social structure and the life of the people in the community. They also facilitate the Employment program through which they create jobs for various unemployed people which results to enhancing their lifestyle. It creates a considerable change in the communities through the activities that are planned by the company based on their objectives. Estimations have taken shapes of different schemes and programs that the company undertakes in order to build a strong community. 20% of the young people are unemployed, which results to social isolation and corrupted mentality (Goodcycles.org., 2018). On the other hand, one out of four young people suffer from mental ailments which is being supported by the organization. The manager of the organization was interviewed while making a note of the activities undertaken by the company. According to Mr. Liem Cowley, the general manager of Good Cycle, the company has taken steps to improve the lifestyle and the community through creating ample amount of employment. The organization has enhanced their reputation by organizing various community programs. Some of these are The Pedal Empowerment Program (PEP), Supported Employment Programs and Work Experience Programs among others. Apart from this, various and wide-ranging engagement programs are organized by Goodcycle, such as, Community Bike Sheds, programs exclusively for women; school programs- Fixing the cycles and others.The company has also taken steps to improve the wellbeing of the people through the utilization of the Pedal Empowerment Program relating to the healthcare (Goodcycles.org., 2018). There are instances where the organization has taken steps to help the people in receiving their required health care facilities. The website Goodcycles.org. (2018) stated Kasey Holyman, the community program manager of the organization, stated that the organization has involved itself in large monetary transactions out of the common funds for helping the communities through the creation of employment. The company also aims at nourishing the skills of the people through their programs and sessions. Belinda Woodruff, transitional employment manager of the organization, stated that the company has taken steps to improve the social conditions not with the aim of improving the CSR ratings of the company, but is aimed at the holistic concept of improving the lifestyle of the communities. The manner in which the company helped Thierry is worth mentioning in this context. Thierry was brought to Australia for undertaking a surgery on his legs. The website of the organization (Goodcycles.org., (2018) stated that the company took steps in order to support Thierry through the companys Pedal Empowerment Program. It has helped in the undertaking of the steps that are required for maintaining a good impact on the society. According to Donovan Roberts, the trainer, the company has taken steps to engage itself in the issues faced by the communities by understanding the requirements of the training and thereby train and empower the people for creating employment. According to a consumer of the company, Mr. Kobayashi, progress made by the company in the market clearly portrays the success story of the organization in the market. The company has made significant improvements in the utilization of the assets and the creation of revenue since its inception. The huge difference of the revenue structure and the assets implies the growth of the company based on the smooth functioning of the organization. On the other hand, the company has taken steps to empower the employment through undertaking the specific programs and schemes for making the people proficient. The integrated training programs that is being undertaken by the organization has helped in the mitigating the actions taken by the company for creating employment. The quality of the sessions is being enhanced through the careful supervision of the training and the professionals that are appointed for the enhancement of the skills of the employees and the new comers. According to an employe e, Bicycles for Humanity and Rumbalara approached the concerned company for undertaking steps and for training their trainers through their engagement programs. This portrays the success of the company in the market. Alternatively, the company being the benefactor of many youths in and around the region has gained positive ratings. The progress of the company is based on the servicers that the company extends to the community in improving the standard of living and caring for the lives and the healthcare opportunities of the people. The services provided by Good Cycle provide the aspiring youths with an escape from the claustrophobic existence. Specifically, it is an escape towards empowerment, independence and a meaningful existence. Emerging successful in achieving this existence would make the organizational personnel a savior in the lives of these distressed youth. The CEO of the company stated that the maintenance of ethical approach in dealing with the youths reflects their companys corporate attitude. It is aimed at achieving proper professional development through personal development. The company is focused on bringing in changes in the social structures and in the lifestyle of the unemp loyed youth. References Goodcycles.org. (2018).Inspiring Victorians give a child with no name new legs and a fresh start Goodcycles.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018, from https://www.goodcycles.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Herald-Sun-Article-4-May-2014.pdf Goodcycles.org. (2018).Community Programs.Good Cycles. Retrieved 2 January 2018, from https://www.goodcycles.org/social-enterprise/

Stress in athletics Essay Example For Students

Stress in athletics Essay Stress In AthleticsIn the Journal article by Mark H. Anshel, entitled Qualitative Validation of a Model For Coping With Acute Stress In Sports. Explains how stress affects athletes, and how they can go about to deal with the problem, or cope with the problem. The author breaks this down into four categories. First, they want to perceive a stimulus or experiencing an event, secondly, appraising that event as stressful, thirdly, using either approach or avoidance coping strategies each consisting of either cognitive or behavioral strategies, and finally enacting post-coping activity that consists of either remaining on task, reappraising the stressful situation, examining the effectiveness of the coping strategy, or disengaging from further sport participation. Stress itself is a widely studied characteristic; it is defined as an interaction between an individual and the surrounding environment. Most research on stress is just new, but has been a topic for the last 20 years. But most n ew studies on stress have to deal more with the coping process. Coping is the persons conscious attempt at reducing or managing the demands of a stressful event or expanding the persons resources to deal with the event (Anshel, 2001). Previous research by Gottlieb (1997) explained how coping strategies related to acute forms of stress differ from chronic stress, and that many contexts of chronic stress do not end themselves to an event-centered strategy of measuring coping (pg, 12). While coping research is a more popular study, qualitative research is disregarded. With knowing qualitative research on stress, you can discover the factors causing coping efforts. In one study done by Patton (1990), he took the responses of college athletes about drug behavior among teammates, and why these student athletes would take them (competitive, control weight, overcome boredom) and used these statements to compare to original interview transcripts. There are many studies and views on this topi c and with these studies comes new hypothesis and new information, which can be used to explain a persons reaction to a stressful situation in a sport. We will write a custom essay on Stress in athletics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To prove their point, a simultaneously qualitative research study was used. A sport psychology consultant was sent to a Pro Rugby Team in Australia. He was to become the mental skills coach and stay with the team for 2.5 years. He would interview 28 players 3 days of the previous game. Each athlete was interviewed by disclosing two stressful events that happened in the previous game. The data was recorded on 4 tables. The dependant variable was how much stress occurred in the game and the independent variable was how well the coped with that stress. The interview averaged 43 minutes, and the athletes were asked questions that identified their thoughts and actions immediately following the stressful event (Anshel, 2001). Only 5 questions were thought to be necessary, each had two elaboration and probing questions, which would ask for clarification, examples, or other information. 1. To identify two game stressors; reflect back to a particular game and think of a situation that was stressful? And then rate them on a scale of 1-10 (1 being the lowest, 10 the highest). 2. To assess the appraisal. 3. To identify use of coping strategies. 4. To assess the post-coping process. 5. If a coping strategy was used, was it effective or ineffective?The results of this study showed, in Table 1, was the athletes thought of acute stress, this was ranked (2 questions, 56 stressors total) and showed which event the majority thought was more stressful. While Table 2 tested Lazarus and Folkman (1984) appraisal model of 3 categories, harm/loss, Threat and Challenge. The results were harm/loss (34% appraisal), Threat (48% appraisal) and Challenge (18% appraisal). Table 3, studied coping strategies split into categories, approach and avoidance, each including cognitive and behavioral sub-categories. The last table, or Table 4, asked the athletes to answer questions after they had implemented the coping strategy. They discovered that the most stressful objective (55%) was staying on task. .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .postImageUrl , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:hover , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:visited , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:active { border:0!important; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:active , .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9 .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d51d4ed6c81ac7a3edb5102df53c1e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aromatherapy EssayThey believed that coping in sports consists of a group of thoughts, emotions and actions that can be described by the stressed person. Basically what happens to the individual in a game, win/loss, injury can cause acute stress. They also believe that coping is a conscious process, not an automatic

Rosebud essays

Rosebud essays Like that shining window in the distance, Rosebud becomes the elusive focal point for a newsreel reporter's investigation into the life and times of Citizen Kane, an exploration that provides the plot framework for the movie. And like those shifting, sometimes inverted, initial images, each person reporter Thompson (William Alland) interviews provides a different perspective, a contrasting image of the same man: Charles Foster Kane. Rosebud serves as a very important motivation in the film. It creates Thompsons goal and focuses our attention on his delving into the life of Kane. Rosebud clues provide the basic motivation necessary for the plot to progress. Thompson searches for the meaning of Rosebud. As Thompson says near the end of the movie: "Perhaps Rosebud was something he couldn't get or something he lost. Anyway, it wouldn't have explained anything. I don't think any word can explain a man's life. No, I guess Rosebud is just a piece in a jigsaw puzzle." It is possible that identifying the meaning of puzzle of Rosebud solves the mystery of Charles Foster Kanes life. All parts of the great jigsaw puzzle that is his American Life. The mystery of Rosebud- combined with the mastery of Orson Welles and his collaborators-draws the audiences focus back to Kane again and again. The sled itself is not the answer.Thompson explains what Rosebud is, but not what Rosebud means. The film's construction shows how our lives, after we are gone, survive only in the memories of the living. In the viewers mind, there is the Kane who made shadow figures with his fingers, and the Kane who hated the traction trust; the Kane who chose his mistress ove r his marriage and political career, the Kane who entertained millions, the Kane who died alone. There is a parallel between the two major lines of action: Kanes life and Thompsons search. Rosebud is a summary of the things Kane strives for through his life. His ina...

Definition and Examples of Indeterminacy in Language

Definition and Examples of Indeterminacy in Language In linguistics  and literary studies, the term indeterminacy refers to  the instability of meaning, the uncertainty of reference, and the variations in interpretations of grammatical forms and categories  in any  natural language. As David A. Swinney has observed, Indeterminacy exists at essentially every descriptive level of word, sentence, and discourse analysis (Understanding Word and Sentence, 1991). Examples and Observations A basic reason for linguistic indeterminacy is the fact that language is not a logical product, but originates from the conventional practice of individuals, which depends on the particular context of the terms used by them. (Gerhard Hafner, Subsequent Agreements and Practice. Treaties and Subsequent Practice, ed. by Georg Nolte. Oxford University Press, 2013) Indeterminacy in Grammar Clear-cut grammatical categories, rules, etc. are not always attainable, since the system of grammar is arguably subject to gradience. The same considerations apply to the notions of correct and incorrect usage since there are areas where native speakers disagree as to what is grammatically acceptable. Indeterminacy is, therefore, a feature of grammar and usage. Grammarians also speak of indeterminacy in cases where two grammatical analyses of a particular structure are plausible. (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner, The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) Determinacy and Indeterminacy An assumption usually made in syntactic theory and description is that particular elements combine with one another in very specific and determinate ways. . . . This supposed property, that it is possible to give a definite and precise specification of the elements connected to one another and how they are connected, will be referred to as determinacy. The doctrine of determinacy belongs to a broader conception of language, mind, and meaning, which holds that language is a separate mental module, that syntax is autonomous, and that semantics is well-delimited and fully compositional. This broader conception is not however well-founded. Over the last few decades, research in cognitive linguistics has demonstrated that grammar is not autonomous from semantics, that semantics is neither well-delimited nor fully compositional, and that language draws on more general cognitive systems and mental capacities from which it cannot be neatly separated. . . . I suggest that the usual situation is not one of determinacy, but rather indeterminacy (Langacker 1998a). Precise, determinate connections between specific elements represent a special and perhaps unusual case. It is more common for there to be some vagueness or indeterminacy in regard to either the elements participating in grammatical relationships or the specific nature of their connection. Otherwise stated, grammar is basically metonymic, in that the information explicitly coded linguistically does not itself establish the precise connections apprehended by the speaker and hearer in using an expression. (Ronald W. Langacker, Investigations in Cognitive Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter, 2009) Indeterminacy and Ambiguity Indeterminacy refers to . . . the capacity . . . of certain elements to be notionally related to other elements in more than one way . . .. Ambiguity, on the other hand, refers to the failure of an increment to make a distinction which is crucial to the discharge of the speakers present obligations. . . . But if ambiguity is rare, indeterminacy is an all-pervading feature of speech, and one which users are quite accustomed to living with. We might even argue that it is an indispensable feature of verbal communication, allowing for an economy without which language would be impossibly unwieldy. Let us examine two illustrations of this. The first comes from the conversation that was attributed to the friend and the old lady immediately after the latter had asked for a lift: Where does your daughter live? She lives near the Rose and Crown. Here, the reply is obviously indeterminate, as there are any number of public houses of that name, and often more than one in the same town. It creates no problems for the friend, however, because many other factors than the label, including, no doubt, her knowledge of the locality, are taken into account in identifying the place referred to. Had it been a problem, she could have asked: Which Rose and Crown? The everyday use of personal names, some of which may be shared by several acquaintances of both participants, but which are nevertheless usually sufficient to identify the intended individual, provide a similar way indeterminacy is ignored in practice. It is worth noting in passing that, were it not for users tolerance of indeterminacy, every pub and every person would have to be uniquely named! (David Brazil, A Grammar of Speech. Oxford University Press, 1995) Indeterminacy and Optionality [W]hat appears to be indeterminacy may actually reflect optionality in the grammar, i.e., a representation that allows multiple surface realizations of a single construction, such as the choice of relatives in Theres the boy (that/whom/0) Mary likes. In L2A, a learner who accepts John *seeked Fred at Time 1, then John sought Fred at Time 2, might be inconsistent not because of indeterminacy in the grammar, but because the grammar permits both forms optionally. (Observe that optionality in this instance would reflect a grammar that diverges from the English target grammar.) (David Birdsong, Second Language Acquisition and Ultimate Attainment. Handbook of Applied Linguistics, ed. by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder. Blackwell, 2004)

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-commerce - Essay Example An online portal is built to take advantage of an online publicity platform. With the intention to perform that, the majority thriving portals support website registered and unregistered users in a different way. Hence portal contribution to websites produces importance from both the customer’s perspective and the supporters. In this scenario, customers disburse not through cash (entire web-site material is open) however through details and the time. Additionally, they spend their precious time visiting website pages, electronic mails and RSS feeds, therefore generating publicity record which could be utilized to trade the contributor’s business products (inside publicity) and/or advertised to 3rd party (business outside publicity) on the basis of a CPM (cost per minute), CPC (cost per click) or CPA (cost per action) mechanism. For instance, a well-known web portal Yahoo.com is one of the huge web surfing and information gateways. The web site material/content is organi zed from external supplies however identified with the Yahoo! title (e.g., Yahoo! Cars, Yahoo! Shows, Yahoo! Horoscopes, and Yahoo! Tourism. Moreover, these web portals derive profits from publicity and finances (Zarem, 2011). Auction sites The second model that I have chosen is about Auction sites. In this scenario, Ebay is a well-known Auction site. These auctions sites use many-to-many business model for generating profits. In addition, Elance is an additional high-quality instance of a flourishing many-to-many business model. It connects freelancers with their users/clients. In this way, both providers (freelancers) and clients communicate over a web technology based group of people (Starak, 2011). Moreover, it seems that more than 100,000 persons at the moment perform eBay businesses activities to earn a good share. Ebay posted an ad to offer a course to study how to establish an eBay business proficiently. Thus, that advertisement is attracting additional sellers and additiona l purchasers to eBay business. It is open TV publicity for eBay business performance (Starak, 2011). Dynamic Pricing Model A dynamic pricing business model engages changeable costs of business products or services on the basis of identifiers for instance flavor, accessibility and manufacturing costs. Additionally, this model was established by a famous airline company and it is currently utilized by more productions, comprising selling stores, as per stated by Virginia Commonwealth University. In addition, dynamic pricing model facilitates traders to adapt their advertising or records to their users, possibly making it hard ever as compared to a fixed-price model. So providing what users/consumers need at a particular cost they are prepared to disburse at that explicit time lessens consumption of business resources as well as, consequently, some sort of overhead (Fraser, 2011). B2B Exchange With the appearance of the web based technology like internet as an innovative technique of p erforming business activities and operations arrive an overflow of capitalists with massive useful thoughts for the upcoming period. A lot of these capitalists determined to spend inside the plan of the B2B sharing. Fundamentally, these distributions were only the web-sites somewhere

Manhattan (New york)'s Urban space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manhattan (New york)'s Urban space - Essay Example Manhattan is considered as a regional leader where education, entertainment, communication and health care is concerned and in addition serves a three county population of about 200,000 people in the surrounding areas. Other amenities that Manhattan can boast of are both private and public educational centres and numerous universities that cater to a mixture of diverse cultures. The famous Kansas State University which was established in 1863 was the first successful land - grant university system that was established in the United States. This famous university houses eight colleges that represent 60 different departments of various specialized subjects. Manhattan boasts of beautiful scenic public parks, and zoos like the American zoo and the Sunset zoo. It is also quite famous for various sports facilities which include stunning golf courses. In addition to these, Manhattan is well known for its exceptional trail system that is indispensable to both bikers and walkers and which is also easily accessible to disabled people. Te trail is nine miles long and circles around half of the community. Manhattan City is committed to development and progress and continues in its quest to achieve it. Its municipal planning of the city is not only progressive but works with a vision and forward thinking. Since the 1980’s, one of the most significant developments that took place was the construction of a 300,000 square foot shopping mall situated in downtown Manhattan. The past decade has seen the construction of a new airport terminal called the â€Å"Manhattan Regional Airport.† The city has also seen the construction of the Northeast Community Park and it has now undertaken a major project initiative of downtown redevelopment in order to enhance the Town center Hall north and south of Manhattan. Geographically speaking, the character of Manhattan was largely shaped by its Geographical outlay. It’s strategic location dominates the New York Harbor and hence it emerges as

Aural and spatial elements Essay Example for Free

Aural and spatial elements Essay Wertenbaker uses simple and minimalistic production design and uses her actors as her main resource to convey meaning and character especially as they are playing different gender or changing between convict and officer characters throughout. The few props are used to clarify meaning and are important in their own right along with costumes and set. She uses language and music to communicate with the audience and to create a specific atmosphere. Wertenbaker uses the movement or gestures of a character to emphasise a point or show character’s relationships. An example of this is Sideway in the first rehearsal, the stage direction â€Å"walking sideways, arms held high in a grandiose eighteenth century pose† this reinforces the idea of how uneducated the convicts are, as the audience can see Sideway has never seen a theatre production just has an idea of what it would be like. An example where gesture is used to communicate character’s relationships is in Act 1 scene 7 where Harry and Duckling are rowing, the stage directions for Duckling are â€Å"remains morose† and â€Å"doesn’t turn around† these are hostile actions as Harry is desperately trying to get her attention â€Å" Why don’t you look Duckling. † The audience can see that their relationship is unstable. The way Wertenbaker positions her characters on the stage is important in communicating status and character such as in Act 1 scene 11 when Major Ross and Captain Campbell enter, the convicts â€Å"slink away and sink down. † This shows that the convicts are afraid of the officers and they try and get as far away as possible from Robbie and become inconspicuous. The beginning scene has important use of positing, the convict are â€Å"huddled together in semi-darkness. † This gives an idea of how horrible the conditions were for the convicts during transportation. The officers are on deck above the convicts and in better conditions again showing status. This idea is kept throughout the play but gradually changes as the production of the convict’s play takes effect . Costume is used to communicate character, Governor Arthur Phillip’s costume would be grander and more decorative than the other officers and he has a higher status. The convicts would be wearing similar clothes but all slightly different such as Mary’s which would be covering her and suppressing her femininity because she feels guilty about what happened on the ship â€Å"I would have been less of a whore†. Sideway’s clothes would be over the top to show his flamboyant personality . All the costumes also have to be simple to allow quick costume changes as the actors multi-role. Wertenbaker’s set is very simple with only a few props. This is done to represent the bareness of Australia and how they have to create a new colony but have arrived with hardly anything. The set is also kept simple because there are 22 scenes and a complex set would take too long to change each time and therefore slow down the pace of the piece. Props are used sparsely but are very important in showing character’s situations. Example of this are the whipping equipment need in act 1 scene 1, they are used to clearly show the audience how the convicts were treated on the ships and the punishments. The play book is used throughout the play when the convicts are rehearing or talking about the play as this is one of the main themes of Our Country’s Good , however not many other books are used and this emphasises that the convict are uneducated and many can’t read. Ralph’s dairy and the picture of his wife are important props in showing his character. Ralph idolises his wife as something pure â€Å"I might kiss your picture as usual. † He uses his diary to write his thoughts showing he doesn’t feel he can talk to the other officers and is disturbed with the new land and behaviour of the convicts and officers. Food is mention throughout the play â€Å"if I was rich, I’d eat myself sick† but it is never used as a prop this highlights the lack of food in the colony. Wertenbaker uses gun shot sound effects at the beginning of the play in scene 3 Act 1, as the officers are shooting birds this reminds the audience that they have just arrived on a new land and are already destroying its nature and wildlife. The other sound effect Wertenbaker specifies in the play is drumming which occurs at the end In the last scene as the convicts go on stage, this symbolise a parade that a new colony might give as celebration. It also creates excitement for the play. The triumphant music of Beethoven’s fifth symphony is played at the very end as an introduction to The Recruiting Officer, this makes the audience happy and excited and reflects what the convicts would be feeling at that time. Other music Wertenbaker may want to be used during the play, especially the aboriginal scenes is didgeridoo music as this is a native instrument to Australia. The Language Wertenbaker uses shows character, an example of this is Liz’s monologue in Act 2 scene 2 where she use lots of slang â€Å"born under a ha’penny planet† this shows the audience she is uneducated. In contrast to Liz, Arthur is very educated and we can see this due to the literary and historical reverences he mentions when backing up an argument â€Å"In the Meno, one of Plato’s great dialogues. † This is a way that difference in education shows the split between convicts and officers. Language is also used to show change in characters, for example at the beginning Wisehammer is rough and has no hope for the future â€Å"alone, frightened, nameless in this sinking hole of hell†, however as the play progresses we actually see him as being one of the more educated convicts. â€Å"Abject: a man without hope. † In the last scene we see him thinking of the future and with restored hope â€Å"I’ll write a play about justice. † Our Country’s Good would be more suitable for a proscenium arch stage because it communicates the bareness of the new land as no-one is on the other side unlike a transverse stage. Wertenbaker wanted to use a cyclorama to symbolise Australia and this would need to be upstage and therefore would work best in proscenium as it has a back wall. The third reason is the convicts and officers could easily be separated and shown in their groups and more easily commutate status and power. The lighting is very important in staging the play. The lighting would of be harsh blues and yellows to represent the climate of Australia. This lighting is the most effective way of making the audience aware of the different climate and habitat of Australia and how hard it was for the convicts and officers to adapt to the change. The lighting would also be used to show night and day as some of the scenes are during the night, this would create an atmosphere for the piece. Wertenbaker chose to create an obviously theatrical piece of drama instead of a piece of realism because she wanted the audience to see the social message the play contained, how drama can reform and educate people. A theatrical piece is the most effective way to do this as it allows both the actors and audience to see the story from both sides of the colony due to the multi-rolling actors.

Dickens Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System Essay

Dickens' Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrialization made Victorian England a brave new world.   A world bereft of justice, humanity and emotion.   In Hard Times, Dickens critiques this world in several ways; it's pollution problems, factory accidents, divorce laws, utilitarian ideals, and educational system.   The goal of this essay is to focus strictly on Dickens critique of the educational system which was influenced by Industrialization.   In his novel, Dickens shows us how children were indoctrinated at very early ages that "facts alone are wanted in life" (47).   "The Gradgrind school in Hard Times was modeled on the so-called Birbeck Schools inaugurated by William Ellis in 1848 to teach principles of political economy to poor children. . . " (Thomas 52). The children were taught that they were not to do anything or believe anything which is contrary to fact.   The "Gradgrindian educational project is based on . . . Enlightenment intuitions" (Wainwright 179); wherein,   all knowledge m ust be verified by science.   Teachers even went so far to say that: "Taste, is only another name for Fact" (51).   In Hard Times, Dickens "attacks [this] education built on statistics, figures and facts . . ." (Taine 33). Dickens criticizes the Victorian educational system because it dehumanized the children, killed fancy, and destroyed the importance of emotion.          The Victorian educational system dehumanized the children by treating them like mathematical figures.   It sought to turn them all into little utilitarian robots who were only interested in facts.   As the children enter the class, they are described as "little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of fac... ...       Mutual Friend. Ed. Norman Page. New York: Macmillan Press, 1979.       Thomas, Deborah. Hard Times: A Fable of Fragmentation and Wholeness. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.       Wainwright, Valerie. "On Goods, Virtues, and Hard Times." Dickens Studies Annual, Vol. 26. Ed. Friedman, Guiliano, and Timko. New York: AMS Press, 1998.       The student may wish to begin the paper with the quote below:    "I am going, next month, to publish in one volume a story now coming out in Household Words, called Hard Times.   I have constructed it patiently, with a view to its publication altogether in a compact cheap form.   It contains what I do devoutly hope will shake some people in a terrible mistake of the days, when so presented" (Guiliano 893).    Charles Dickens in a letter to Thomas Carlyle, July 13, 1854 Dickens' Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System Essay Dickens' Hard Times as a Critique of the Educational System  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrialization made Victorian England a brave new world.   A world bereft of justice, humanity and emotion.   In Hard Times, Dickens critiques this world in several ways; it's pollution problems, factory accidents, divorce laws, utilitarian ideals, and educational system.   The goal of this essay is to focus strictly on Dickens critique of the educational system which was influenced by Industrialization.   In his novel, Dickens shows us how children were indoctrinated at very early ages that "facts alone are wanted in life" (47).   "The Gradgrind school in Hard Times was modeled on the so-called Birbeck Schools inaugurated by William Ellis in 1848 to teach principles of political economy to poor children. . . " (Thomas 52). The children were taught that they were not to do anything or believe anything which is contrary to fact.   The "Gradgrindian educational project is based on . . . Enlightenment intuitions" (Wainwright 179); wherein,   all knowledge m ust be verified by science.   Teachers even went so far to say that: "Taste, is only another name for Fact" (51).   In Hard Times, Dickens "attacks [this] education built on statistics, figures and facts . . ." (Taine 33). Dickens criticizes the Victorian educational system because it dehumanized the children, killed fancy, and destroyed the importance of emotion.          The Victorian educational system dehumanized the children by treating them like mathematical figures.   It sought to turn them all into little utilitarian robots who were only interested in facts.   As the children enter the class, they are described as "little vessels then and there arranged in order, ready to have imperial gallons of fac... ...       Mutual Friend. Ed. Norman Page. New York: Macmillan Press, 1979.       Thomas, Deborah. Hard Times: A Fable of Fragmentation and Wholeness. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.       Wainwright, Valerie. "On Goods, Virtues, and Hard Times." Dickens Studies Annual, Vol. 26. Ed. Friedman, Guiliano, and Timko. New York: AMS Press, 1998.       The student may wish to begin the paper with the quote below:    "I am going, next month, to publish in one volume a story now coming out in Household Words, called Hard Times.   I have constructed it patiently, with a view to its publication altogether in a compact cheap form.   It contains what I do devoutly hope will shake some people in a terrible mistake of the days, when so presented" (Guiliano 893).    Charles Dickens in a letter to Thomas Carlyle, July 13, 1854

Obesity Is a Disease

Obesity Is A Disease Obesity is a disease that affects one in three members of the American population. The trend of obese Americans has continually increased since 1960, and is not showing signs of slowing down. More than half of the adults in America are considered overweight or obese, and about thirty-four percent of the total population in the U. S is either overweight or obese. One is considered â€Å"overweight† if the body mass index, or BMI, is twenty-five to twenty-nine kilograms. â€Å"Obese† is any number thirty or greater (Hateweight. com). Obesity is the cause of at least 300,000 deaths in the U. S every year, second only to smoking (American Obesity Association). There are many causes of obesity, some of which are environmentally related and others are geneticly related. Genetics from an obese relative can be passed from generation to another; this form of obesity is hard to control without proper treatment (Hateweight. com). The American culture has been the biggest cause of obesity. All of our surroundings and social environments have greatly influenced obesity. Most social events revolve around food or drinks, which are usually unhealthy for the body. Food itself has become a reward; young children are often rewarded for good behavior with a â€Å"treat† (American Obesity Association). This treat is often a child’s favorite candy or sweet. Adults also use food as a reward. Successful business transactions between companies are often celebrated with food and drinks. Employees often stop after work to have drinks and possibly dinner to celebrate. Alcoholic drinks are very high in fat and have no nutritional value. Also, most restaurant food is high in fat and calories. Another factor which is the cause of this disease is lifestyle. People are no as physically active as they should be. They have become more dependent on someone else to do their work for them. An example if this would be fast food restaurants. Why make dinner when you can go up the street and have someone else cook it for you? Most meals from fast food restaurants have almost fifty percent, if not more calories than a person needs for one day. Another cause of obesity would be a person’s mental state. People cope with life changing experiences differently, such as a death of a family member or the loss of a job. These types of events cause some people to over-eat and, over time, become overweight. Obesity has many effects on a person both psychologically and physically. Psychologically, obesity may cause a person to become depressed and even become suicidal. Not only that, but it can also cause low self esteem (Hateweight. com). Physically, obesity has a greater effect, because it is known to cause many other health related issues. Arthritis may occur in the hands, hips, back, and knees from the extra weight a person would be carrying around. Seventy-five percent of people with hypertension are obese. The risk of developing hypertension is five times greater in an obese person than compared to a non-obese individual. Obesity is also the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, chronic venous insufficiency, daytime fatigue, deep vein thrombosis, diabetes type 2, infections following wounds, infertility, liver disease, lower back pains, obstetric and gynecologic complications, sleep apnea, stroke, and surgical complications(American Obesity Association). Not only does obesity cause all of those diseases, but it also increases an individual’s chance of getting many different types of cancer. Breast cancer, esophagus and gastric cardial cancers, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and renal cell cancer all have been linked to obesity in one way or another (American Obesity Association). Treatment for obesity comes in many forms. One form is called dietary therapy, were a doctor will devise, a diet which an individual should follow to lose weight. The diet usually consists of more healthy foods with low calories and smaller portions. Along with a diet plan the doctor recommends physical activity, which is another treatment. Physical activity could be anything from working out at a gym or playing sports to just moving around the house more. Behavior therapy is a combination of both dietary and physical therapy in which the doctor comes up with new diet and physical activity habits to promote weight loss (Hateweight. com). The treatment with the biggest risk is surgery. An individual may have their stomach stapled so they will eat smaller portions of food and, which causes the body to burn the fat cells faster because there are fewer calories coming in. Obesity is a serious matter because of all the risks that follow it. The only way to stop obesity is to become more informed and more knowledgeable of the foods we consume, and to become more physically active. Obesity is the second leading cause of unnecessary deaths in the U. S. Despite its death toll is has not received the attention it needs from the government. Bibliography www. hateweight. com www. obesity. org www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/obesity. html http://www. obesity-online. com/ http://www. cdc. gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/

Why Not to Legalize Marijuana

Why Not to Legalize Marijuana Marjorie Fleuridor ENG/102 March 10, 2013 Professor Laura Barnes Marijuana is one of the best known drugs that have been widely consumed throughout history which today raises a concerned eyebrow. Those who are advocates consider marijuana a harmless and beneficial substance because of its claimed value in treating symptoms of serious illness or diseases and Jeffrey Miron, a professor of economics at Harvard University in the following viewpoint believes that, â€Å"Legalizing illicit drugs would generate billions in tax revenue† (Forbes, 2012 pp. -1). Just as any drug, marijuana may bring some type of relief with its use, but it also poses risk which in the end poses threat to the economy because of its affects to the human body, open doors to addiction, and worse, harms the youth which is not worth the added benefits for the few legitimate users to make acceptable. Marijuana, which is also referred to as pot, weed, cannabis, refer, and Mary Jane to name a few, is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the U. S. s well as around the world which comes from the stems, seeds, leaves, and flowers of the hemp plant, which is also known as cannabis. Most individuals use the plant by either smoking it or mixing it into food because it is an all-natural substance. Registered nurse Mary Lynn Mathre states, â€Å"The cannabis plant (marijuana) has therapeutic benefits and could ease the suffering of millions of persons with various illnesses such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, chronic pain, and other maladies† (Mathre 1997, p. ) and that is one of various reasons advocates on legalizing the plant believe that, the substance relieving and therapeutic benefits should legalize the use of marijuana, but if that were the case, risks that occur from its use would not outweigh the benefits. First, why are the detrimental factors of the substance ignored? If marijuana is legali zed worldwide, through its medicinal or recreational use, the human body will experience short as well as long term effects stemming from the consumption of the plant.Marijuana contains a psychoactive chemical which is called tetrahydrcannabinol or THC and as it enters the brain, the marijuana user starts to feel euphoric, or high, but occasionally the drug makes individuals feel anxious, depressed, distrustful or fearful. THC affects the body in various ways by causing short-term effects which include memory loss, trouble with thinking, diminished motor skills, and an increase of the heart rate which is just the minor damage that pose hazard to the body (Goldstein, 2010).Advocates of marijuana has gone as far as pleading that the substance has no real potential harm compared to the use of tobacco, one of the leading causes of cancer. Crystal Phend, a senior staff writer for MedPage Today discusses a study that indicates that a link is present between smoking marijuana and lung canc er where she notes, â€Å"that the study finds that a single marijuana joint may be as carcinogenic as twenty cigarettes† (MedPage Today, 2008 p. ) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH) formulated a chart on the commonly abused drugs in which tobacco which causes greater health risk such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer in various forms, for instance, the lungs, pancreas, and esophagus, but it has yet to be scheduled. Marijuana on the other hand poses less health risk compared to tobacco, but it is labeled as a Scheduled I drug, because for as long as marijuana has been present in the world, the illicit drug has no approved use and the denial from the federal law will definitely cause a harsher dent to the economy. The federal ban will keep the marijuana market fragmented† (Berlatsky, 2012 p. 178) which means the small population of potential growers or distributers will continue to fight or compete on the marijuana market, which may limit tax collection r esources and just proves why it should not be legalized. .To further, the story of former marijuana user shares how difficult it was to withdraw from marijuana concerning the subject of addiction with its use.Mick, a 62 year-old male started smoking pot back in 1969 because he had bouts of anxiety and at times depression, but has been sober for the past 10 years, up until suffering one of those prolonged periods of anxiety, in which he took a few hits on the pipe of the drug. The couple of use he took of the substance caused his level of anxiety to skyrocket, in which Mick then withdrew himself from the illicit drug.On the sixth day of withdrawal from smoking weed, he shared how his stomach thought terrible, which gave Mick an awful feeling. When he ate, he stated how his stomach became upset, but not to the point of vomiting and it brought on anxious as well as irritable feelings to the point where cries and isolates himself. Mick concluded on how he would never lit up again becaus e of the unfortunate risk it caused him when he attempted to misuse the drug (Online Support Groups for your Health Challenges, 2011).Supporters disagree that the plant could be of such sort compared to other drugs because a person who quits the substance will not undergo the painful physical symptoms and cravings compared to the experience which individuals suffer when they try to stop using heroin, but we as human react differently to various things. The National Institute of Drug Abuse reports that â€Å"about 9% of users develop an addiction to the drug, and that the number rises to 25% to 50% if people use the drug everyday† (NIDA, 2009 p. ). Some users of marijuana may become dependent on marijuana for various matters, and they become fixated on getting the plant, utilizing it in large quantities, and feel uncomfortable without it. If marijuana does not cause addiction, then why do so many victims of its use enter rehab facilities annually? â€Å"Since 1997, the number of people getting treatment for marijuana each year has increased by roughly 50%, or about 100,000 people† (Stop the Drug War 2009, p. 1).With such an increase, the economy will continue to suffer because of the cost of treatment for individuals battling little to no result with their marijuana addiction. Last, â€Å"Why young people have the need to use cannabis on a frequent basis is an interesting question and may be associated with their underlying personality characteristics, environment during childhood and adolescence, as well as any psychiatric disturbances they have experienced, such as depression, anxiety or even psychotic symptoms† (Camera et al. , 2012 pp. 1-2).The subject of a child’s environment where the use of the plant comes to play may cause an adolescent to suffer. For example, a parent’s state of mind may be altered when he or she needs to be an active, attentive caregiver when children are in their presence. Neglect may be the result because the symptoms interfered in the parent’s responsibilities and in such cases; social services are involved resulting with the system providing further care and parents in jail or rehab centers in which they would have to prove their stability.A child in this type of situation may isolate themselves from others or lash out because what they know as normal and home has been taken away. This particular child may grow up and head down the same path of smoking pot and with the â€Å"high† feeling which supporters advocate is the effects of the â€Å"medicine†, but marijuana as the introduction, opens the door to the potential use of other drugs, which can be detrimental.An adolescent may try marijuana and enjoy it; after a while, in the same environment that led to that first joint, will become curious or peer pressured into the unfamiliarity of other substances that are more exciting, gives a greater stimulation, or is more illicit, but are unaware of the dang ers that lay ahead. Heroin and cocaine are the common â€Å"gateway drugs† from early marijuana use in which both are highly toxic and have led to a number amount of deaths as well. Heroine like marijuana is illegal, highly addictive, true contents is unknown, and also is the most abused.The drug is processed from morphine; a naturally occurring substance removed from the seed pot of a variety of poppy plants and is typically a white or brownish powder. Cocaine is removed from the leaves of a South Africa coca plant, affects the body’s central nervous system and the fact that it is a white crystalline powder; cocaine is often mixed with cornstarch, vitamins, flour, and sugar. In relation to marijuana, the drug creates a strong sense of exhilaration in which users generally feel invisible and happy-go-lucky.Legalization of marijuana may increase the number of users in which† an additional 17 to 34 million young adult users† (US News, 2012 p. 1) which sets a bad example for young adults because with its worldwide acceptance whether it is for medical or recreational use, they will be curious of the feeling and reaction from its use, which will only lead down a road to where the youth will take a toll regarding marijuana use. You see, the youth are most at risk from legalization as well as associated obtainability of recreational drugs. If marijuana were to become more available, acceptable nd inexpensive, the substance will pull in greater numbers of vulnerable youth. †The marketing tactics of drug promoters and the major decline in drug use in the 1990s (due in great part to antidrug, education and awareness campaigns) there is a growing perception among young people today that drugs are harmless. A decade ago, for example, 79% of 12th graders thought regular marijuana use was harmful; only 58% do so today† (Drug Free Foundation, 2004) and pressure from colleagues is such an issue in persuading a peer to test drugs, the way adolescents perceive the dangers of its use is serious.The acceptance of marijuana to where it is provided with the government’s stamp of approval, directs a message to young children that drug use is not only inoffensive, but also normal and this is precisely the opposite message we should be assigning. Teaching children that drug use is dangerous will be even more difficult because advocates declare marijuana as â€Å"medicine,† which just simply opens a window for teens to feel that it is ok to smoke or add into their food however they may choose and through the promotion of the good it brings, this will only open a continual use of the drug and a cost to the economy. Marijuana use accounts for tens of thousands of marijuana related complaints at emergency rooms throughout the United States each year and over 99,000 are young people† (U. S. News 2012, pp. 1-1). The numbers are far too great to promote just the beneficial aspects of marijuana when the potential harmful outcomes cost the economy as far as healthcare costs with the number of young patience that are admitted to the hospital.To conclude, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) declared that responsible adult personal use of marijuana should be legalized, but how can one determine who is responsible to make use of weed? Alcohol and tobacco may stimulate harsher risk factors when consumed, but after more than 40 years of its existence, marijuana remains a Scheduled 1 substance, which is a drug that has a high potential for abuse, have no accepted medical use, and are not safe for use under medical supervision.In the end, the risks of marijuana seem to outweigh the benefits and that is why marijuana should not be legalized. References 42 Years of smoking pot / day 6 of withdrawal. (n. d. ). Online Support Groups for your Health Challenges. Retrieved from http://www. mdjunction. com/forums/marijuana-addiction-discussions/introductions-personal-stories/2 665662-42-years-of-smoking-pot-day-6-of-withdrawal Berlatsky, N. (2012). Legalizing Marijuana in California Would Not Generate Substantial Tax Revenue. In Marijuana (p. 178). Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Camera, A. A. , Tomaselli, V. Fleming, J. , Jabbar, G. A. , Trachtenberg, M. , Galves-Buccollini, J. A. (2012). Correlates to the Variable Effects of Cannabis in Young adults: A Preliminary Study. Harm Reduction, 9(15), 1-2. Cohan, P. (2012, September 7). Is it Time to Legalize Illicit Drugs? – Forbes. Information for the World's Business Leaders – Forbes. com. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://www. forbes. com/sites/petercohan/2012/07/09/is-it-time-to-legalize-illicit-drugs/ Drug Free Foundation (2004). Drug Free America Foundation – Medical Marijuana – ProCon. org. Medical Marijuana ProCon. org.Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://medicalmarijuana. procon. org/view. source. php? sourceID=000810 Drug Free Foundation (2009, October 12). Dr ug Free America Foundation – Medical Marijuana – ProCon. org. Medical Marijuana ProCon. org. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://medicalmarijuana. procon. org/view. source. php? sourceID=000810 Evans, D. G. (2012, October 30). Marijuana Legalization's Costs Outweigh Its Benefits | Debate Club | US News Opinion. US News & World Report | News & Rankings | Best Colleges, Best Hospitals, and more. Retrieved March 10, 2012, from http://www. usnews. om/debate-club/should-marijuana-use-be-legalized/marijuana-legalizations-costs-outweigh-its-benefits Goldstein. , M. J. (2010). Legalizing Drugs: Crime Stopper Or Social Risk? (p. 115). Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Pub. Group. Mathre, M. L. (1997). Legal Dilemmas of Cannabis Prohibitation. In Cannabis in medical practice: A legal, historical, and pharmacological overview of the therapeutic use of marijuana (p. 1). Jefferson, N. C: McFarland & Co. National Institue on Drug Abuse (2009). Is marijuana addictive? | National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from

Presidents and Conflict Resolution essays

Presidents and Conflict Resolution essays The term negotiation has been defined as a formal process that occurs when parties are trying to find a mutually acceptable solution to a complex conflict. People and parties, throughout time, have come to negotiate for two basic reasons. First, they negotiate to create something new that neither party could do on his own. Second, parties negotiate to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties. Although history lends itself to be more susceptible to the latter of the two, the former reason should and will be given some consideration. American history has encountered countless arenas for negotiation. From the founding of new constitutions and governments to the ending of world wars, America has had to compromise repeatedly to establish itself as a superpower. At the top of this bargaining hierarchy is the President of the United States. The actions of this office have implemented policy in all times of dispute. Different presidents have pursued this task in different wa ys. Some have elected bodies of peace commissioners in which they could voice their opinions through. On the other hand, a few presidents have acted strictly on their own behalf concerning times of dispute. Consequently, the results have varied. So, it must be asked, what method has proven to be most effective? An analysis of several major American wars and their respective peacetime results supports the view that those who elect negotiating bodies and communicate through them have been more effective in achieving their goals. The first war to be looked at is referred to as Mr. Madison's war, or the War of 1812. Before the war commenced, James Madison wanted to end impressment, gain Canada, and secure the repeal of the Orders-in-Council. In June of 1812, Britain repealed the Orders-in-Council thereby accomplishing half of Madison's war aims with no shots yet fired. But, as shots began firing, America's position was dwindling. By this time, with...

3 Problems with Parenthesis

3 Problems with Parenthesis 3 Problems with Parenthesis 3 Problems with Parenthesis By Mark Nichol Parenthesis is the strategy of setting a word, phrase, or clause off from a sentence to interject additional information into that statement. Despite the name, parenthesis can be accomplished with a two commas or a pair of dashes as well as with a brace of parentheses. However, several problems can occur when writers attempt to parenthesize: The punctuation employed is not appropriate, the parenthesis is misplaced in the sentence, or what appears to be a parenthetical element is in fact something else. The following sentences illustrate these three problems respectively. 1. He took it from me, stole it, really, years ago. Really is a parenthesis of â€Å"stole it† (a parenthesis can follow rather than interrupt the phrase or clause it supplements), and â€Å"stole it, really† is a parenthesis of â€Å"He took it from me years ago,† so a hierarchy of punctuation should be employed to clarify the sentence organization. Because dashes are more emphatic than commas, they should assume the major parenthetical role; the comma separating â€Å"stole it† and really can remain: â€Å"He took it from me- stole it, really- years ago.† 2. Attacks relating to phishing fraud attempts have been very common in recent times (e.g., someone posing as an organization’s CEO emails its CFO to request an urgent payment transfer). A parenthesis should be directly adjacent to the element of the sentence it pertains to. This parenthesis relates to â€Å"attacks relating to fraud attempts,† not to â€Å"recent times,† so it should immediately follow the former phrase: â€Å"Attacks relating to phishing fraud attempts (e.g., someone posing as an organization’s CEO emails its CFO to request an urgent payment transfer) have been very common in recent times.† 3. But the battle has not been lost- the battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve- as one door closes, another is opened. This sentence is punctuated as if â€Å"the battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve† is a parenthetical statement interrupting the framing sentence, but the statement that remains when the parenthesis is omitted is â€Å"But the battle has not been lost; as one door closes, another is opened,† which makes no sense, because the point of the second clause does not follow from that of the first. However, the statement between the dashes is not parenthetical, and the third clause is an extension of the second one, not the initial one. The first dash correctly signals that a shift in syntax is imminent (another function of the dash besides parenthesis), but another punctuation mark should replace the second dash so that the two dashes are not misinterpreted as bracketing a parenthetical comment: â€Å"But the battle has not been lost: The battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve; as one door closes, another is opened.† (Another option is to divide the sentence into two statements, as here: â€Å"But the battle has not been lost. The battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve; as one door closes, another is opened.† In this case, the second dash can be retained instead of replacing it with a semicolon.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals50 Idioms About Roads and Paths10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Criminal Theories of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal Theories of Crime - Essay Example Criminals spend too little time in prison and they have too good conditions there. In many countries, as in Poland, there isnt death penalty, however it would help us to stop increasing violence and crime and it would be a warning for criminals. Another problem is that often the homeless commit crime to go to prison because they have food free of charge, bed, TV and other entertainments. I think that our government should be more interested in these people and try to help them (give them places to live, meals). Everybody knows that many crimes are committed by teenagers. They often want to have more friends and they decide to commit a crime to impress them. The young also try to stay against their parents, they want to get money without work and to be independent. TV has huge influence on their behaviour. It shows them the world full of crime and brutal sex, without friendship, love and other important feelings in many thrillers and crime series. It isnt strange that after watching a film, like "Pulp Fiction" or "Rambo", crime may seem funny to teenagers. In cartoons there is also bad behaviour, for example a main hero of this film beats others. In films an actor doesnt die but in real life people do. Our society nowadays is divided into classes: rich, well-to-do, poor. Poor people, who start their life in poor families or families with the problem of alcoholism, need money and may attack rich (or well to do) people to get money. They usually hate them, because they also would like to live in beautiful villas and have expensive cars. It may be next cause of attacks on people. In the case of social disorganization, anomie, differential association, and rational theories, there are many similarities as well as, subtle differences. The first theory to look at is social disorganization theory. The Social Disorganization Theory provides that if relationships in the family and friendship groupings are good, neighborhoods are stable and cohesive, and

Learning memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning memoir - Essay Example Having a car and having no driving experience did not augur well with the way I perceived things, I became restless never imagining the weird state in which I was. A car owner without any driving training leave alone experience, it was soothing to imagine myself putting my palms on the steering wheel, just to think of stepping on the clutch, it was pleased to have this thoughts soon I became obsessed my mind was clogged with the fact of spinning the wheels. Everyday I could stand by my car looking at it by admiration. After many days of desire I contacted my driving tutor, Mr. Timothy who happened to be a good instructor not by anything tangible but by the way he placed his words in the name of coaching me. Then I came to realize that I was a good auditory learner, yes my coach Timothy inflicted this in me I could learn from nothing sort to that. No pens, no papers and no computers or electronic gadgets to put my references from. â€Å"Be attentive to the speed limit†, â€Å"make a full stop at every point with a stop sign†. These words could reign on my mind every time I took to the road to train. These words were now frequently used by my coach Timothy I could now do the stopping without being reminded; I was a good observant of all the road rules. As an auditory learner I was expected to be attentive, keen and most importantly watch on how things transpired. When I completed my theory test which entailed listening and understanding the driving fundamental concepts it was a moment for my practical application for whatever I understood. Timothy and I took to the road, the training car was there waiting for us. It proved to be an up hill task for me to park a car to the back spot on a Z shape through reverse. I could not figure out the way this concept was coming about I tried at many times but to no avail it all ended in vain. It was

Privatization in Canadian Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Privatization in Canadian Health Care - Essay Example For the purposes of this essay, laws and policies applicable to Canadian health care will not be evaluated in detail. However, the Chaouilli case in Quebec will be acknowledged, so as to direct the focus of the essay toward to possibility of the developmental path for a privatized health care system in Canada. Issues concerning the wait line which may have been expressed on other occasions will be considered as well. Their role in the advancement of the privatization of health care in Canada will be further evaluated. The Canadian health care system, recently more unstable than in previous years, is witnessing a rise in the private sector. The proposed paper will consider the advantages and disadvantages to the implementation of private health care in Canada. Concrete comparisons between the advantages and the disadvantages between the Canadian publicly provided health care system and the United States' health care as a private sector institution would allow for more in-depth analysis of both qualities and drawbacks. Privatized health care in Canada could prove to be more efficient in providing health services; it could also prove to be a catalyst in taking out the middle class, while widening the gap between rich and poor. 2.0 The Development of the Canadian Health Care System The current Canadian health care system was developed as a response to the social conditions of the early 1950's in Canada and was established at provincial levels. At this time, only 53% of the population was privately insured. Further, health care costs amounted to "the primary cause of bankruptcy," in the country.(Dean, 2007) As a reaction to these social circumstances, the provincial government began to participate more actively. Canadian heath care, Medicare, was built by the provincial governments with the support of federal legislatures. First, Saskatchewan implemented a public health insurance plan for hospital stays in 1947; the federal government acknowledged this action by providing reimbursements to the then-growing number of provinces who covered hospital costs. (Dean, 2007) At this time, the federal government provided funding for a third of health care spending.(Dean, 2007) Further, the federal government introduced the Canada Health Act, which addressed the goals of t he health care policy as comprehensiveness, universality, accessibility, portability, and public administration. (Klatt, 2000) However, a shift in the perceptions regarding the health care system is slowly developing. It could be argued that the medical services which were provided by the health care system then, differ from those in demand now. It must be regarded that health care which was established in the mid-twentieth century was primary concerned with "acute care." (Robertson, 2002) Today, Canada is dominantly composed of an aging population, which means chronic illnesses are the focus with such demographics. (Robertson, 2002) Consistent with the demographics is the aging population of doctors which are exiting the field due to retirement. This only narrows down an already small availability of doctors

MRI for Diagnosis of Mycetoma or Madura Foot

MRI for Diagnosis of Mycetoma or Madura Foot â€Å"Dot in Circle† sign — a unique attribute of mycetoma foot on MRI: a report of two cases Aggarwal A, Gupta M, Patel B N, Patel S B Abstract Mycetoma or Madura Foot is a chronic localized granulomatous disease characterized by exuberant granulomatous tissue formation involving the subcutaneous plane. It is most common in tropical countries. Diagnosis has been traditionally done by microbiological culture and histopathological tissue diagnosis but these are often difficult to obtain and frequently inconclusive. MRI has recently emerged as a promising technique for early and prompt diagnosis of Mycetoma with the description of a highly specific sign called as â€Å"Dot in Circle† sign. We hereby present 2 cases showing this characteristic â€Å"Dot in circle† sign on MRI and thereby establishing the diagnosis of Madura Foot. Patient 1 A 52-year-old male farmer by occupation presented with a painless swelling involving the left foot, which had been operated on elsewhere two times. Previous reports of surgery were not available. Examination revealed a non tender, large swelling involving whole of the left foot and the ankle joint. It was associated with numerous chronic discharging sinuses. (Fig 1) General examination was unremarkable and the soft tissue was normal. Rotuine blood and biochemical investigations were also unremarkable. Plain radiograph revealed a soft tissue mass in the left foot with advanced bony destruction mainly involving the tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges without any calcification. MRI scan was performed to evaluate the disease further. MRI showed a soft tissue mass lesion, diffuse hyperintensity involving subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and intermuscular fascial planes. There were also multiple focal fluid collections seen in the fascial plane with ulceration of overlying skin. The mass demons trated characteristically conglomerate areas of multiple, inconspicuous, small 3–4 mm oval to round hyperintense lesions, which were separated by a low-signal-intensity rim in the subcutaneous plane of the dorsum of the foot. The centre of few of these lesions showed a small hypointense focus, resulting in the dot-in-circle sign (Figs. 2, 3). The underlying bones showed cortical erosions mainly involving the tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges. On the basis of the above clinical and radiological findings, a diagnosis of mycetoma foot was put forward. A biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis which revealed granulomatous inflammation and presence of eumycetoma (Fig. 4). Patient 2 A 37 year old male, complained of mass in the left foot for the past 2 years. Examination revealed multiple numerous discharging sinuses with skin ulcerations. The discharging sinuses did not contain any grains which is usually pathognomonic of Madura mycosis. Plain frontal radiograph of the left foot shows soft tissue mass with severe destruction of the bone along with a palisade type of periosteal reaction mainly involving the tarsals and metatarsals (Figs. 5). The patient underwent MRI for evaluation and extent of the disease. Similarly, the lesion showed marked inflammatory changes in the left foot with cortical erosion, with micro-abscesses formation. The characteristic dot in circle sign (Figs. 6) was described and diagnosis of mycetoma foot was made. The patient underwent an excision biopsy. Histopathology showed eumycetoma. Images Figure 2. T2-weighted axial MR cut sections  of the left foot shows extensive inflammatory  changes. Multiple hyperintense lesions which were small and round in shape and separated by tissue of low signal intensity  are noted. Some of these lesions (arrows) show a  central small focus of hypointensity, resulting in the characteristic  dot-in-circle sign. Figure 3 T2-weighted fat-saturated coronal MR image of  the left foot shows multiple microabscesses separated by  a low-intensity matrix seen posteriolaterally. Marked inflammatory changes with multiple fluid collections are noted in the fascial plane. Figure 4 Haematoxylin and Eosin( HE) : Fungal organisms  surrounded by granulation tissue. Figure 6 T2-weighted axial MR image  of the left foot shows extensive inflammatory  changes with cortical erosion. Multiple small spherical  hyper-intense lesions separated by tissue of low signal intensity  are noted. Some of these lesions show a  small foci of hypointensity centrally, resulting in the  dot-in-circle sign. Note the presence of multiple  microabscess. Discussion Madurai Mycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by 2 group of organisms, the Eumyces which are also called as true fungi or eumycetoma, and the Actinomyces, which are the filamentous form also called as Actinomycetales or actinomycetoma. The disease was first described in the Madurai district in the state of Tamil Nadu, hence the eponym Madura foot. The infective organisms are normal inhabitants of the soil and cause infection by direct implantation into the skin, most commonly the foot in individuals walking bare foot. Patients classically present with multiple subcutaneous nodules which are characteristically painless. These may give rise to fistulae formation, often associated with a purulent discharge. The disease progresses slowly and over long term leads to abscess formation, sinus tracts, osteomyelitis, and fistula formation ultimately resulting in severe deformity and disability if treatment is not provided [4] . Histologically the disease is characterized by formation of so called ‘‘grains’’, which are found embedded in the abscesses. These grains are nothing but aggregates of the organism and are surrounded by extensive granulation tissue. Initially there is soft tissue swelling with induration which later progresses to form multiple discharging sinus with or without bone involvement. [5] Radiological investigations play a significant role in arriving at the diagnosis swiftly especially since tissue cultures are seldom diagnostic. Radiographs may be normal early in the disease process but later show varying degree of soft tissue swelling with destruction of the bone in form of sclerosis, cavity formation and classical palisade type of periosteal reaction. This is followed by expansion of the bone with scalloping of the cortex or osteoporosis. This condition mimics bacterial osteomyelitis but in mycetoma the bones are usually detsroyed from the outside, giving rise to characteristic â€Å"Moth eaten appearance†. [2] The â€Å"Dot in circle† sign has emerged has a highly specific sign for the diagnosis of this condition and is based on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease process. It reflects the unique pathological feature of mycetoma and consists of multiple small round hyperintense lesions of size measuring around 3-5 mm surrounded by a hypointense rim. The small hyperintense lesions represent the granulation tissue and the surrounding hypointense rim represents the intervening stroma having fibrous septations. The low-signal intensity dot in the centre is due to the presence of fungal grains which causes a susceptibility effect on MRI. This is a unique appearance and is easily recognisable in mycetoma. [1] This sign was proposed by Sarris et al. in 2003 on T2-weighted, STIR, and T1-weighted fat-saturated gadolinium enhanced images. Conclusion We conclude by saying that mycetoma is a severe debilitating disease with high morbidity. Until now the diagnosis of the disease was limited to clinical picture supplemented by biopsy and microbiological culture which were difficult to obtain and proved to be inconclusive in many cases. MRI has emerged as an excellent investigation in mycetoma and helps to arrive at the diagnosis much earlier in the course of disease thereby further helping in reducing the morbidity and rate of complications. Awareness of this characteristic sign is important in view of the scarcity of reports that describe it in the literature and with increasing use of MRI in the evaluation of soft tissue tumours. [3] Ref: S, Betty M, Manipadam MT, Cherian VM, Poonnoose PM, Oommen AT, et al. The â€Å"dot-in-circle† sign A characteristic MRI finding in mycetoma foot: A report of three cases.Br J Radiol.2009;82:662–5. Mycetoma revisited. Incidence of various radiographic signs. Abd El-Bagi ME, Fahal AH Saudi Med J. 2009 Apr; 30(4):529-33. Kumar J, Kumar A, Sethy P, Gupta S. The dot-in-circle sign of mycetoma on MRI.Diagn Interv Radiol.2007;13:193–5. Lewall DB, Ofole S, Bendl B. Mycetoma. Skeletal Radiol 1985; 14:257–262. Magana M. Mycetoma, some clinical and histopathological features.Turk J Dermatopathol.1994;3:94.

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Essa

Egalitarianism and the Cash Economy among the Central Kalahari San Jiro Tanaka’s research on the Central Kalahari San explored the changes in the San society and determined the overall effects on the culture. Tanaka looked at a group of people who had recently switched from a hunting and gathering existence to a more sedentary way of life. She found that though there were differences in the everyday lives of the San, they were able to preserve their language, cultural identity, and egalitarian ideals. Tanaka attributes the changes in the San society to influences by the government and Christian missionaries in the 1970s. Tanaka’s research, which occurred in the 1980s, found that the San’s views on labor, the way goods were given and received, and their value system had altered as a result of their contact with outside groups. The groups promoting these changes were attempting to modernize the San. The various groups in the Central Kalahari began to lead sedentary lifestyles built around villages which included schools, medical facilities, a permanent water supply, and agricultural systems. The changes in the San society were far reaching. Sedentary living meant that higher concentrations of people were living in smaller areas, and the gatherers soon found the plant resources almost depleted in the area around the settlement. In addition, collective equestrian hunting gained prominence over solo bow-and-arrow hunting. Though some families have been successful at livestock raising and cultivation of crops, Tanaka found that these are not significant contributors to the economy of the San. The idea of a dominant cash economy was completely new to the San. Before the 1980s, they had only traded on a sm... ...bility to reproduce themselves as a society while limiting the accumulation of wealth and power" (1993:174). Thus, like Tanaka, Lee believes that though they have altered their lifestyle, the Dobe have not abandoned their fundamental ideal of egalitarianism. They have managed to assert some control over the degree to which their society is modernizing. The analyses formed by Lee and Tanaka leads one to question to role of the hunter-gatherer society in the present mindset of those who study these cultures. Do we feel as if modernization de-romanticizes our conception of hunter-gather societies? Is it possible that groups are happier in with their new lifestyles? Is it possible for us to decide what is best for these groups? Was change inevitable? These are just some of the questions which come to mind when exploring the changes in different cultural groups.

Cultural Anthropology Essay

1. How does a culture’s physical environment shape the type of subsistence pattern they practice? How does subsistence impact a culture’s degree of social stratification? How is the degree of social stratification mirrored in religious systems? The amount of sunlight and rainfall and the types of soil, forests, and mineral deposits all have an effect on the type of subsistence pattern a particular society develops. For example, In the U.S society people have different choices to obtain their food such as obtain their food from a fast-food restaurant or obtain their food for cooking from a grocery store or supermarket; other societies have different ways to obtain their food supplies. Which lead us to different type of life practices to get food such as people who live close to sea do fishing practices and people who live near to a desert obtain their food by hunting. The specific biome and environmental conditions may limit the development of certain types of subsistence patterns. For example, Arctic conditions are not conducive to agricultural activities, nor are arid regions suitable for rice production. In some societies of wealth, power and prestige are linked with ownership of land or the number of animals acquired. 2. Describe economic exchange among band societies and it purpose. How does this type of exchange change with different societal types and why? The major form of economic system with band societies is called reciprocal economic system; the system is based on exchanges among family groups as a means of distributing goods and services throughout the society. One of the main reasons for this system of reciprocal exchange is that food and other resources must usually be consumed immediately. There are three types of reciprocity: generalized, balanced, and negative. The most used one among societies is called generalized reciprocity (Own Group), an immediate return is not expected and that the value of the exchanges will balance out in the long run. For example, in our society parents take care of their kids, so you take care of them in their old age. Another one is balanced reciprocity (Other Groups); this type is more direct with immediate return. For example, in our society change money for someone, such as change a dollar for someone to four quarter to use the snick machine. The last one Negative Reciprocity (Rare), it is the attempt to get something out of nothing. For example, in our societies people who go to the car dealer try to take the car for the cheapest price they can and the dealer try to take more money from the buyer. Both of them are negative reciprocity which means try to get something out of nothing. They do them because it makes the life for them easier and without the sharing between them life would be barder and less pleasant. The greater predictability and concentration of resources within a particular region, the more pronounced the conceptions of private ownership and exclusive rights to territory among foragers in comparison to territorial rights among different hunter-gathers. 3.What are some ways in which the higher degree of mobility affects the technologies, subsistence behaviors, and social organization of pastoralists versus horticulturalists? Higher degree of mobility affects the group to maintain a certain number of people in the group to keep it effective to move to another place. To do so, they use this mean called, Fissioning, moving of people from one group to another. Another means of population control is infanticide, the deliberate abandonment or killing of infants, and geronticide, the killing of old people. Higher degree of mobility also affect the technologies. In this case, technology does not refer to just tools or artifacts, but it also includes the cultural knowledge that has to be maintained by the society. All foraging peoples have an extensive knowledge of their environmental conditions and of the appropriciate means of solving technological problems in these environments. Different from horticulturalists, foragers need to know where to find the plants, when to find them during different seasons, which plants are edible, and so on since they need to move during different seasons to pursue game and other resources. Inuit created an extremely complex foraging technology. Because of the weather conditions and the environment, they developed sophisticated techniques for curing hides from caribou and seals to make boots, parkas, and snow goggles. 4. Marriage is a human universal. In what forms does marriage exist and why? What is the function of endogamy and exogamy? How do forms of marriage exchange vary and how does each function to serve society? Marriage provide a systemic form of social mobility for the entire society. Endogamy is a type of marriage between people of the same social group or category. Endogamous marriages are carefully arranged so as to maintain genealogically appropriate kinship bonds and descent relations in the top-ranking descent group. Exogamy is a type of marriage between people of different social group or categories. Having this type of marriage gives significant benefit to the one side of kinship, which does not have as power as the another kinship, because they can share the power once one get married. Most agricultural states practiced some form of marital exchange. The most common type of exchange was dowry- goods and wealth paid by the bride’s family to the groom’s family. Dowry appears to be to the groom’s family exchanges wealth for the bride. The dowry was used as a social exchange between families to arrange a marriage contract.